We use the present perfect
1. Action that started in the past and continues in the present
I have had this phone for two months. (I still use it)
मसँग यो फोन दुई महिना देखि छ।
He has studied English for three years. (He is still studying it.)
उसले अङ्ग्रेजी तीन वर्ष अगाडिदेखि पढेको हो।
I have lived in this city all my life. (I was born here and still live here now.)
म येही शहरमा बस्दै आएको हुँ।
2. for past experiences
I’ve read that book before.
मैले त्यो किताब पहिले पढिसकेको छु।
They have traveled to many countries.
उनीहरूले धेरै देशहरू घुमिसकेका छन्।
We have stayed in a five-star hotel.
हामीले फाइव-स्टार होटलमा बसेको छौं।
3. unfinished time
refers to actions or experiences that happen during a time period that has not yet ended—like today, this week, this year, in my life
I have drunk three cups of coffee today. (today is not over.)
मैले आज तीन कप कफी पिएको छु।
She has worked a lot this week. (The week is still ongoing.)
उनीले यस हप्ता धेरै काम गरेकी छिन्।
She has read four books this month. (The month is ongoing.)
उनीले यस महिनामा चारवटा किताब पढेकी छिन्।
4. Present Impact
something happened in the past, but we see or feel the result now.
We have missed the bus. (We are stuck here now.)
हामीले बस छुटाएका छौं।
You have spilled water on the floor. (It’s wet now.)
तिमीले भुइँमा पानी पोखेका छौ।
I have lost my keys. (I can’t open the door now.)
मैले आफ्ना चाबी हराएको छु।
5. Present Perfect in Future Time Clauses:
We use the present perfect to emphasize that one action will be completed before another future action happens.
I’ll call you after I have finished my homework.
मैले मेरो गृहकार्य सकाएपछि म तिमीलाई फोन गर्नेछु।
You can go home once you have completed the task.
तिमीले काम पुरा गरेपछि मात्र घर जान सक्छौ।
(You must finish the task first, then you can leave.)